Actinolite- (Ca2(MgFe)5Si8O22(OH)2) Commonly found in metamorphic rocks, it also occurs as a product of metamorphism of magnesium-rich limestones. It is white or gray when in asbestos form. http://encyclopedia.laborlawtalk.com/Actinolite
AES (Auger Alectron Spectroscopy)- Powerful technique for surface analysis. The electrons must leave the surface without energy losses. The electron beam penetrates the surface, and the distance that an electron can travel without energy losses is defined as the escape depth. This escape depth increases for lower and higher kinetic energies. http://gecea.ist.utl.pt/Auger/
AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy)- This involves a scanning probe microscope. It utilizes a sharp probe moving along the surface of the sample. The probe is a tip on the end of a lever which bends in response to the force between the tip and the sample. It analyzes the surface of the sample. http://spm.phy.bris.ac.uk/techniques/AFM/\
AHERA- Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act. 1987 legislation which mandates specific asbestos management procedures for all schools. (American Institute of Professional Geologists)
Amosite- (Fe2+,Mg)7[Si8O22](OH)2) Form of gray asbestos which is mined in
South Africa
. It is an amphibole, common in some building materials. May be the cause of mesothelioma. http://mesoinfo.com/asbestos/amosite.html
Amphiboles - Any group of widely distributed rock-forming minerals, magnesium silicates (may contain traces of calcium, aluminum, sodium, titanium, and other elements) Amphiboles minerals are related in crystal structure. They are commonly green to black, they may also be colorless, white, yellow, blue or brown. They are found in both igneous and metamorphic rocks. Some common forms are: hornblende, anthophyllite, cummingtonite, tremolite, actinolite, riebeckite, and glaucophane. http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/a1/amphibol.asp
Aneuploidy- The condition of a cell or of an organism that has additions or deletions of a small number of whole chromosomes from the expected diploid number of chromosomes. http://www.biochem.northwestern.edu/holmgren/Glossary /Definitions/Def-A/aneuploidy.html
Asbestos- Incombustible, chemical-resistant, fibrous mineral forms of magnesium silicate. Used for fireproofing, electrical insulation, building materials, brake linings, and chemical filters. http://www.answers.com/topic /asbestos
ASHARA-
Asbestos
School
Hazard Abatement Reauthorization Act. The 2nd phase of AHERA initiated in 1992. (American Institute of Professional Geologists)
Carcinogenity- Causing or tending to cause cancer http://onlinedictionary.datasegment.com/word/carcinogenicity
Chlorite- ((Fe, Mg, Al)6(Si, Al)4O10(OH)8 ) Most are a strong green color and form flaky microscopic crystals. http://mineral.galleries.com/minerals/silicate/chlorite/chlorite.htm
Chromosome- A rod-shaped element of the cell. It appears in the cell’s nucleus when cells begin to divide. Each chromosome is made up of DNA and proteins. It also contains genetic information which is passed on to daughter cells. http://www.lexicon-biology.com/biology/definition_49.html
Chrysotile- (Mg3Si2O5(OH)
4)The most common form of asbestos used in the world, usually mined in
Canada
. It is usually a translucent green or white color with a silky luster.
http://webmineral.com/data/Chrysotile.shtml
Covalent bond- A chemical link between two atoms in which electrons are shared between them. http://chemistry.about.com/library/glossary/bldef528.htm
Crocidolite- Form of asbestos known to cause mesothelioma. Crocidolite asbestos is an amphibole with hair-like fibrous structure. Fibers are commonly curved. More commonly known as blue asbestos with bright blue fibers. http://simplethinking.com/palache/crocidolite.stm
DNA- (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) A code used within cells to form proteins. http://chemistry.about.com/library/glossary/bldef530.htm
EPA- Environmental Protection Agency http://www.epa.gov/
Ferroactinolite- (Ca2Fe2+5Si8O22(OH)2) Iron-rich mineral. Part of the amphibole family. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?tocId3D80032
FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy)- Used to identify different types of chemical bonds in a molecule by producing an infrared absorption spectrum. It is most useful for identifying chemicals that are either organic or inorganic. It can analyze solids, liquids or gases. http://www.wcaslab.com/tech/tbftir.htm
Hydrogen bond- A chemical bond in which a hydrogen atom of one molecule is attracted to an electronegative atom. http://www.answers.com/topic/hydrogen-bond
in vivo- Within a living organism http://www.answers.com/topic/in-vivo
in vitro- In an experimental situation outside of the organism. http://www.biochem.northwestern.edu/holmgren/Glossary/Definitions/Def-I/in_vitro.html
Ionic bond- A chemical bond between two ions with opposite charges. http://www.answers.com/topic/ionic-bond
Kaolinite- (Al2Si2O5(OH)4) A soft, clay mineral which is formed from the weathering of feldspar. It usually has a white, pink or gray with streak of white coloring. It is used in the production of clay products. http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/vwlessons/lessons/Slideshow/Show2/Show2-6.html
Mesothelioma- A form of cancer caused by exposure to asbestos. It attacks the lining around the lungs, heart, and abdomen. http://www.mesotheliomanews.com/faqs_whatis_mesothelioma.html
Metallic bond - The chemical bond characteristic of metals, in which valence electrons are shared among atoms (usually in a stable crystalline structure) http://www.answers.com/topic/metallic-bond
Mitosis- The process in cell division by which the nucleus divides. Consists of four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase. Results in two new nuclei, each containing a complete copy of the parental chromosomes. http://www.answers.com/topic/mitosis
Montmorillonite- ((Na, Ca)(Al, Mg)6(Si4O10)3(OH)6-nH2O) A member of the clay group. It usually forms very small crystal plates. It is the main constituent in volcanic ash. Used to thicken water, and can be found on farms or farmlands. Usually white, gray, or pink with tints of yellow or green with a dull luster. http://mineral.galleries.com/minerals/silicate/montmori/montmori.htm
Muscovite- (KAl2(AlSi3O10)(F,OH)2) Usually found in igneous, metamorphic, and detrital sedimentary rocks. It has a layered structure of weakly bonded streets. The layers can be cleaved off easily. Usually a translucent white, silver, yellow, green or brown in color with a pearly luster. http://mineral.galleries.com/minerals/silicate/muscovit/muscovit.htm
OSHA- Occupational Safety and Health Administration http://www.osha.gov/
PEL (Permissible Exposure Limits)- Maximum levels that workers may be exposed to for particular substances http://www.afscme.org/health.faq-asb2.pdf
SAM (Scanning Auger Microscopy)- Used to acquire images near the surface layer of conducting samples. It is a combination of SEM and AES techniques. http://www.uksaf.org/tech/sam.html
SEM (Secondary Electron Microscopy)- A widely used technique to study surface topography, where a high energy electron beam is scanned across the surface of the sample. http://www.uksaf.org/tech/sem.html
STM (Scanning Tunneling Microscopy)- A technique that allows imaging of solid surfaces with high resolution. This allows for individual atoms on a surface to be analyzed and displayed. http://www.iap.tuwien.ac.at/www/surface/STM_Gallery/stm_schematic.html=
Tremolite- (Ca2Mg5Si8O22(OH)2) Belongs to the actinolite group. Commonly found in metamorphic rocks. Usually white or gray but it can be greenish, colorless, yellow, or violet with a silky or dull luster. It can be cleaved in two directions. It is a type of malignant type of asbestos. http://mineral.galleries.com/minerals/silicate/tremolit/tremolit.htm
Van der Waals bond- The weakest type of intermolecular force, which is present in all particles and increases in strength with increasing size. Also known as the
London
force or the dispersion force. http://www.biochem.northwestern.edu/holmgren/Glossary/Definitions/Def-V/Van_der_Waals_force.html
Vermiculite- A natural mineral which is often associated with asbestos. http://www.vermiculite.net/
XAS (X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy)- A technique used to characterize surfaces by evaluation of unoccupied electronic states. http://www.ieap.uni-kiel.de/surface/ag-kipp/xanes/xanes.htm
XPS (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy)- A method that uses x-rays to knock electrons out of inner shell orbitals in order to analyze atomic structures of samples. http://elchem.kaist.ac.kr/vt/chem-ed/spec/material/xps.htm
For more information on the above minerals go to: